انواع الارتفاعات المستخدمه في الطيران و اسس قياسها

<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on"> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="font-size: large;">زوار مدونة عالم الطيران نقدم لكم اليوم موضوع شامل عن ارتفاعات الطائرة</span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="font-size: large;">اتمنى ان يجوز اعجابكم المقال:</span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <b><br /></b></div> <h2 style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; text-align: center; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <b><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: x-large;">بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم</span></b></h2> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; color: black; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arabic Transparent; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; color: black; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><br /></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <br /></div> <h3 style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; text-align: center; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="font-family: Arabic Transparent;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Times New Roman;">عدادات قياس ارتفاع الطيران</span></b></span></span></b></span></span></h3> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; color: #3d85c6; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">1 . <a href="http://www.aviationworld.me/vb/t83.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms linear; outline: none; transition: all 200ms linear;"></a>انواع الضغوط : </span></span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /></b></span><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arabic Transparent; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; color: #3d85c6; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b>أ . الضغط المطلق </b><b>: </b></span></span></b></span></span></span><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">ومقداره ( 760 ) ملم . عمود . زئبق عند مستوى سطح البحر وعند درجة حرارة ( 15 ) م0 .</span></span></b><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arabic Transparent; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; color: #3d85c6; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b>ب . الضغط النسبي </b><b>: </b></span></span></b></span></span></span><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">وهو الضغط الجوي عند نقطة ما على سطح الارض كأن يكون مطار الاقلاع او مطار الهبوط او أي نقطة اخرى . </span></span></b><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arabic Transparent; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; color: #3d85c6; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;">ج . الضغط الديناميكي </b><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;">РD</b><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;">: </b></span></span></b></span></span></span><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">هو عبارة عن تيارات الهواء المضغوط المصطدم من الامام بمقدمة الطائرة , وهو يتناسب طرديا مع سرعة اصطدام الطائرة بالهواء ويعتبر من البارامترات الرئيسية الداخلة في عمل عدادات قياس سرعة الطائرة . وتستخدم الكبسولات المانومترية لقياس الضغط الديناميكي . ويحسب الضغط الديناميكي بالمعادلة التالية : </span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="font-family: Arabic Transparent;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Times New Roman;">РD = РT - Рс</span></span></span></b></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="color: #cc0000;"><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /></span><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arabic Transparent; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;">РT</b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arabic Transparent; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> ـــ الضغط الكلي</b></span></span></b></span></span><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arabic Transparent; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;">РD</b><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> ـــ الضغط الديناميكي </b></span></span></b></span></span><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><span style="font-family: Arabic Transparent;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b>Рс</b> ـــ <b>الضغط الستاتيكي</b></span></span></b></span></span><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="font-family: Arabic Transparent;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Times New Roman;"><b>د . الضغط الستاتيكي </b><b>Р</b><b>c</b><b> : </b></span></span></b></span></span><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; color: black; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">هو ذلك الضغط الذي يتناقص بالطريقة القانونية حيث انه كلما زاد الارتفاع قل الضغط وعادة يقاس الضغط الستاتيكي نسبة الى الضغط الجوي عند مستوى سطح البحر المقدر ب ( 760 ) ملم . عمود . زئبق . وتستخدم الكبسولات البارومترية لقياس الضغط الستاتيكي وتسمى كذلك بالكبسولات الانيرويدنية المغلقة ويحسب الضغط الستاتيكي بالمعادلة التالية : </span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="font-family: Arabic Transparent;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><b>Р</b><b>c</b><b> = РT – РD</b></span></span></span></b></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="font-family: Arabic Transparent;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b>ه . الضغط الكلي </b><b>РT</b><b> :</b></span></span></b></span></span></span><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; color: black; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">ونحصل عليه عند طيران الطائرة واثناء وجود سرعة مع نقصان في الارتفاع والضغط الكلي ناتج من جمع الضغطين الستاتيكي والديناميكي . يحسب الضغط الكلي بالمعادلة التالية : </span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="font-family: Arabic Transparent;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #e06666; font-family: Times New Roman;">РT = РD – Рс</span></span></span></b></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">2 . طرق قياس ارتفاع <a href="http://www.aviationworld.me/vb/t83.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms linear; outline: none; transition: all 200ms linear;"></a>الطيران :</span></span></span></b></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /></b><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">ا . طرق ايجاد ارتفاع <a href="http://www.aviationworld.me/vb/t83.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms linear; outline: none; transition: all 200ms linear;"></a>الطيران :</span></span></b></span><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">الاجهزة التي يتم بواسطتها قياس ارتفاع الطائرة تسمى بعدادات الارتفاع . </span></span></b><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">هناك ثلاثة <a href="http://www.aviationworld.me/vb/t83.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms linear; outline: none; transition: all 200ms linear;"></a>انواع من <a href="http://www.aviationworld.me/vb/t83.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms linear; outline: none; transition: all 200ms linear;"></a>الارتفاعات وكما موضحة بالشكل ادناه : </span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9nRfRdaEopi1QeuhT_8YNeE9kmCSITktQ82vspHARpTolhy52V1GqmHHqcmYw2wHB4-1DnYmIJbcy5-B-q23EqQW2EnqOzyv0tJH1qozvtFfDqwX4R1m0amIl-jiy76NFrKf_QhHfopXP/s1600/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9nRfRdaEopi1QeuhT_8YNeE9kmCSITktQ82vspHARpTolhy52V1GqmHHqcmYw2wHB4-1DnYmIJbcy5-B-q23EqQW2EnqOzyv0tJH1qozvtFfDqwX4R1m0amIl-jiy76NFrKf_QhHfopXP/s1600/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9.jpg" /></a></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <b><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /></b></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arabic Transparent; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"></span></b></span></span></div> <span style="color: black;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: HelveticaNeue; text-align: -webkit-center; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arial; transition: all 250ms linear;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: HelveticaNeue; text-align: -webkit-center; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arial; transition: all 250ms linear;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: HelveticaNeue; text-align: -webkit-center; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arial; transition: all 250ms linear;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: HelveticaNeue; text-align: -webkit-center; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arial; transition: all 250ms linear;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: HelveticaNeue; text-align: -webkit-center; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arial; transition: all 250ms linear;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: HelveticaNeue; text-align: -webkit-center; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arial; transition: all 250ms linear;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: HelveticaNeue; text-align: -webkit-center; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arial; transition: all 250ms linear;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: HelveticaNeue; text-align: -webkit-center; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arial; transition: all 250ms linear;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: HelveticaNeue; text-align: -webkit-center; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arial; transition: all 250ms linear;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: HelveticaNeue; text-align: -webkit-center; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arial; transition: all 250ms linear;"></span></span></span><br /> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arabic Transparent; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; color: #3d85c6; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;">اولا . الارتفاع المطلق</b><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> : </b></span></span></b></span></span></span><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">وهو ارتفاع الطائرة نسبة الى مستوى سطح البحر بعد تثبيت الضغط الجوي بواسطة قبضة تثبيت الضغط الموجودة في العداد على ضغط مقداره ( 760 ) ملم . عمود . زئبق . يستخدم عادة هذا النوع من <a href="http://www.aviationworld.me/vb/t83.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms linear; outline: none; transition: all 200ms linear;"></a>الارتفاعات اثناء اختبار صلاحية الطائرات او اثناء<a href="http://www.aviationworld.me/vb/t83.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms linear; outline: none; transition: all 200ms linear;"></a><a href="http://www.aviationworld.me/vb/t83.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms linear; outline: none; transition: all 200ms linear;">الطيران </a>الاعتيادي في الجو لمسافات طويلة لغرض الالتزام بمستويات الممرات الجوية المحددة من قبل السيطرات الجوية المحلية والدولية . </span></span></b><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arabic Transparent; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; color: #3d85c6; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;">ثانيا . الارتفاع النسبي </b><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;">: </b></span></span></b></span></span></span><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">هو ارتفاع الطائرة نسبة الى نقطة معينة على الارض كأن تكون نسبة الى المطار الذي اقلعت منه الطائرة او نسبة الى المطار الذي ستهبط فيه او نسبة لاية نقطة معلومة على الارض اذا علمت مقادير الضغوط الجوية فيها . يستخدم عادة هذا النوع من <a href="http://www.aviationworld.me/vb/t83.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms linear; outline: none; transition: all 200ms linear;"></a>الارتفاعات اثناء هبوط واقلاع الطائرات من المطارات . </span></span></b><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Arabic Transparent; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; color: #3d85c6; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;">ثالثا . الارتفاع الحقيقي </b><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;">: </b></span></span></b></span></span></span><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">هو ارتفاع الطائرة نسبة الى النقطة او المكان الذي تحلق من فوقه الطائرة ويتم قياس هذا النوع من <a href="http://www.aviationworld.me/vb/t83.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms linear; outline: none; transition: all 200ms linear;"></a>الارتفاعات بواسطة عداد الارتفاع الراديوي ( عداد الارتفاع اللاسلكي ) . يستخدم عادة هذا النوع من <a href="http://www.aviationworld.me/vb/t83.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms linear; outline: none; transition: all 200ms linear;"></a>الارتفاعات اثناء عمليات الهبوط والتقرب من مدرج المطار قبل ملامسة الطائرة معه . </span></span></b><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">مما جاء اعلاه يتضح ان من اهم واوسع الطرق المستخدمة في تحديد وقياس ارتفاعات <a href="http://www.aviationworld.me/vb/t83.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 200ms linear; outline: none; transition: all 200ms linear;"></a>الطيران طريقتان </span></span></b><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">هما : </span></span></b><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">ـــ الطريقة البارومترية </span></span></b><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">ــــ الطريقة الراديوية . </span></span></b></span><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">تعتمد الطريقة البارومترية في قياس الارتفاع على العلاقة التي يتغير بها الضغط الجوي مع تغير الارتفاع . </span></span></b><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">قياس الارتفاع بهذه الطريقة يعتمد على قياس الضغط الجوي المطلق بواسطة الباروميتر . </span></span></b><br style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;" /><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">اما الطريقة الراديوية ( اللاسلكية ) في قياس الارتفاع فتعتمد على قياس الزمن المستغرق لمرور الاشعة اللاسلكية المنبعثة من الطائرة الى سطح الارض ( الى النقطة التي تمر من فوقها الطائرة ) وعودة هذه الاشعة الى الطائرة .</span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large; transition: all 250ms linear;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Electrolize, GESSTwoMediumRegular; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="border: 0px; color: #3d85c6; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">نتشرف بتواصلك معنا على:</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Electrolize, GESSTwoMediumRegular; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="border: 0px; color: #3d85c6; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Electrolize, GESSTwoMediumRegular; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br style="position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;" /></span></i></b></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Electrolize, GESSTwoMediumRegular; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="border: 0px; color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/516028661845700" style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Facebook</a></span></i></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Electrolize, GESSTwoMediumRegular; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="border: 0px; color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><br /></i></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Electrolize, GESSTwoMediumRegular; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br style="position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;" /></span></i></b></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Electrolize, GESSTwoMediumRegular; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="border: 0px; color: cyan; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://twitter.com/avationworld" style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Twitter</a></span></i></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Electrolize, GESSTwoMediumRegular; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="border: 0px; color: cyan; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><br /></i></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Electrolize, GESSTwoMediumRegular; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br style="position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;" /></span></i></b></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Electrolize, GESSTwoMediumRegular; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://plus.google.com/111564754629542001361" style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">+Google</span></a></i></span></span></div> <div> <span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><br /></span></span></div> </span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;">اتمنا ان يحوز المقال على اعجابكم</span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"> <span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: inherit; transition: all 250ms linear;"><b style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; transition: all 250ms linear;"><span style="-webkit-transition: all 250ms linear; font-family: Times New Roman; transition: all 250ms linear;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div> </div>

هندسة وصيانة الطائرات انواع الارتفاعات المستخدمه في الطيران و اسس قياسها

زوار مدونة عالم الطيران نقدم لكم اليوم موضوع شامل عن ارتفاعات الطائرة اتمنى ان يجوز اعجابكم المقال: بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ...

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